11 класс. Английский язык. Герундий. Образование и употребление. Формы и функции герундия

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 Формы герундия

Ге­рун­дий имеет формы, вы­ра­жа­ю­щие залог и ха­рак­тер дей­ствия.

The Simple (Present) Gerund ис­поль­зу­ет­ся, когда мы го­во­рим о на­сто­я­щем или бу­ду­щем.

При­мер:

I like swimming.

Reading broadens your mind.

The Perfect Gerund ука­зы­ва­ет на то, что дей­ствие, вы­ра­жен­ное ге­рун­ди­ем, про­изо­шло рань­ше, чем дей­ствие, вы­ра­жен­ное ос­нов­ным гла­го­лом.

При­мер:

He denied having broken the window.

Passive Gerund также бы­ва­ет Simple (Present) и Perfect, но форму Simple можно ис­поль­зо­вать вме­сто формы Perfect без раз­ни­цы в зна­че­нии.

При­мер:

She hates having been lied to./She hates being lied to.

И все же ино­гда раз­ни­ца важна.

При­мер:

He reluctantly admitted to having been imprisoned.

Рас­смот­ри­те таб­ли­цу всех форм ге­рун­дия: 

Forms of the gerund	Active	Passive
Simple (Present)	taking	being taken
Perfect	having taken	having been taken

Табл. 1. Формы ге­рун­дия

 Практическое задание

Да­вай­те по­тре­ни­ру­ем­ся пе­ре­во­дить пред­ло­же­ния, ис­поль­зуя ге­рун­дий:

1. Я люблю, когда со мной раз­го­ва­ри­ва­ют.

I like ________ to.

2. Я люблю по­го­во­рить по те­ле­фо­ну.

I like ________ on the phone.

3. Он упо­мя­нул по­куп­ку ма­ши­ны.

He mentioned _________ a car.

4. Она тер­петь не может, когда ей го­во­рят, что де­лать.

She can’t stand _________ what to do.

5. Он вышел из ма­га­зи­на, не за­пла­тив, по­это­му его об­ви­ни­ли в краже.

He left the shop without _________. So he was accused of _________ something.

6. Он от­ри­цал тот факт, что не за­пла­тил.

He denied _________.

7. Вы мо­же­те себе пред­ста­вить, что вы же­на­ты или за­му­жем за че­ло­ве­ком, ко­то­рый в 2 раза стар­ше вас?

Can you imagine __________ to a person twice your age?

8. Я по­здрав­ляю вас с вы­иг­ры­шем 1 мил­ли­о­на руб­лей.

I congratulate you on __________ 1 million rubles.

Про­верь­те себя:

1. I like being talked to.

2. I like talking on the phone.

3. He mentioned buying/having bought a car.

4. She can’t stand being told what to do.

5. He left the shop without paying/having paid. So he was accused of stealing/having stolen something.

6. He denied not having paid.

7. Can you imagine being married to a person twice your age?

8. I congratulate you on having won 1 million rubles.

 Сравнение форм инфинитива и герундия

Срав­ни­те ис­поль­зо­ва­ние ин­фи­ни­ти­ва и ге­рун­дия. 

Forms of the infinitive	Active Voice	Passive voice
Simple (Present)	(to) write	(to) be written
Continuous	(to) be written	-
Perfect	(to) have written	(to) have been written
Perfect Continuous	(to) have been writing	-

Табл. 2. Формы ин­фи­ни­ти­ва

При­мер:

Active Voice

Simple forms:

She decided to help them.

She considered helping them.

I can dance well.

I’m good at dancing.

He refused to wash up.

He objected to washing up.

Continuous form:

It’s nice to be lying on the sandy beach.

Perfect forms:

He seemed to have travelled a lot.

He admitted to having travelled a lot.

Perfect Continuous form:

I know him to have been writing the article on history for two weeks already.

Passive voice:

Simple forms:

She wants to be given a present.

She enjoys being given presents.

Perfect forms:

I was happy to have been awarded the 1st prize.

I mentioned having been awarded the 1st prize.

 Практическое задание

Вы­бе­ри­те пра­виль­ный ва­ри­ант от­ве­та:

1. Children usually enjoy taking/having been taking/being taken to the zoo.

2. Ann is impatient and hates making/being made/having been made to wait.

3. He was guilty and accused of having been stealing/being stolen/having stolen the wallet.

4. She was at the scene of crime but in court denied visiting/being visited/having visited the place before.

5. My friend is good at having played/being played/playing tennis.

6. Vera is a teacher and she likes teaching/being taught/having been taught.

7. Nick insisted on his friend’s taking/being taken/having taken part in the game.

8. Jack insisted on being explained/explaining/having explained the new rule again.

9. Bill was looking forward to having met/being met/meeting Polly the following week.

Про­верь­те себя:

1. Children usually enjoy taking/having been taking/being taken to the zoo.

2. Ann is impatient and hates making/being made/having been made to wait.

3. He was guilty and accused of having been stealing/being stolen/having stolen the wallet.

4. She was at the scene of crime but in court denied visiting/being visited/having visited the place before.

5. My friend is good at having played/being played/playing tennis.

6. Vera is a teacher and she likes teaching/being taught/having been taught.

7. Nick insisted on his friend’s taking/being taken/having taken part in the game.

8. Jack insisted on being explained/explaining/having explained the new rule again.

9. Bill was looking forward to having met/being met/meeting Polly the following week.

Функции герундия 

Ге­рун­дий ис­поль­зу­ет­ся как:

• су­ще­стви­тель­ное:

Smoking is unhealthy. – Ку­ре­ние вред­но для здо­ро­вья.

Eating fresh vegetables is good for your health. – Упо­треб­лять све­жие фрук­ты – по­лез­но для ва­ше­го здо­ро­вья.

• до­пол­не­ние после гла­го­лов love, like, dislike, hate (для вы­ра­же­ния общих пред­по­чте­ний):

She likes cooking. – Ей нра­вит­ся го­то­вить.

I hate getting up early. – Я нена­ви­жу вста­вать рано.

Рис. 3. Ing-окон­ча­ния (Ис­точ­ник) 

 Функции герундия в предложении 

1. Ге­рун­дий в функ­ции под­ле­жа­ще­го.

Travelling is a pleasure. – Пу­те­ше­ствие – это удо­воль­ствие.

Simultaneous translating is a hard job. – Син­хрон­ный пе­ре­вод – это тя­же­лая ра­бо­та.

1. Ге­рун­дий в функ­ции до­пол­не­ния.

I like reading. – Мне нра­вит­ся чи­тать.

We couldn’t stop talking. – Мы не могли пе­ре­стать раз­го­ва­ри­вать.

1. Ге­рун­дий в функ­ции кос­вен­но­го до­пол­не­ния (с пред­ло­гом).

He insisted on translating the article. – Он на­сто­ял на пе­ре­во­де ста­тьи.

He is responsible for making a poster. – Он от­вет­ствен­ный за со­зда­ние пла­ка­та (афиши).

1. Ге­рун­дий в функ­ции опре­де­ле­ния.

The story has an advantage of being illustrated.

There’s little possibility of getting the data.

1. Ге­рун­дий в функ­ции об­сто­я­тель­ства (перед ге­рун­ди­ем стоит пред­лог).

In solving problems it is important to discuss them at first. (In – при, во время).

On leaving school she entered University. (On – после, по).

She left without saying a word (without – без, without saying a word – не ска­зав ни слова).

We can do it by heating the air. (By – путем, по­сред­ством).

Рис. 5. Ге­рун­дий или ин­фи­ни­тив? (Ис­точ­ник) 

 Упражнение 

Упо­тре­би­те ге­рун­дий или ин­фи­ни­тив (рис. 5).

1. I decided (go) to the cinema.
2. He insisted on (go) to the cinema.
3. Children enjoy (ski) in winter.
4. I am fond of (read)
5. Little children often ask (be taken) to the zoo.
6. Book is worth (read).
7. Avoid (speak) to strangers.
8. I would love (see) you at the meeting.
9. He is too young (drive).
10. I promise (come).
11. What’s the use of (stay) here?
12. I don’t know what (do).
13. We are looking forward to (meet) you.
14. Let me (go) there or I’ll make you (regret) it.
15. I am pleased (meet) you.
16. He suggested (meet) at the theatre.
17. She denied (steal) the bag
18. They accused her of (steal) it
19. I am thinking of (go) to the mountains.

От­ве­ты

1. I decided to go to the cinema.
2. He insisted on going to the cinema.
3. Children enjoy skiing in winter.
4. I am fond of reading.
5. Little children often ask to be taken to the zoo.
6. Book is worth reading.
7. Avoid speaking to strangers.
8. I would love to see you at the meeting.
9. He is too young to drive.
10. I promise to come.
11. What’s the use of staying here?
12. I don’t know what to do.
13. We are looking forward to meeting you.
14. Let me go there or I’ll make you regret it.
15. I am pleased to meet you.
16. He suggested meeting at the theatre.
17. She denied stealing the bag
18. They accused her of stealing it
19. I am thinking of going to the mountains.

ИСТОЧНИКИ

http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/english/9-klass/tema/gerund?seconds=0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLdVukULwKA

http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/english/9-klass/tema/forms-of-gerund-formy-gerundiya?seconds=0

http://www.myshared.ru/slide/586305/#download

http://www.myshared.ru/slide/download/

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